Editing Sexual orientation (section)

== Definitions and distinguishing from sexual identity and behavior ==

===General===
{{See also|Sexual identity|Human sexual activity|Situational sexual behavior}}

Sexual orientation is traditionally defined as including [[heterosexuality]], [[bisexuality]], and [[homosexual orientation|homosexuality]], while [[asexuality]] is considered the fourth category of sexual orientation by some researchers and has been defined as the absence of a traditional sexual orientation. An asexual has little to no sexual attraction to people.<ref name="Sex and society"/><ref name="Bogaert"/> It may be considered a lack of a sexual orientation,<ref name="Bogaert2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bogaert|first1=Anthony F|year=2004|title=Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample|journal=Journal of Sex Research|volume=41|issue=3|pages=279–87|doi=10.1080/00224490409552235|pmid=15497056|s2cid=41057104}}</ref> and there is significant debate over whether or not it is a sexual orientation.<ref name="Sex and society"/><ref name="Bogaert"/>

Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or [[Identity (social science)|identity]]. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence".<ref name="AmPsycholAssn-whatis" /> Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

The [[American Psychological Association]] states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are [[lesbian]]s (women attracted to women), [[gay men]] (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)".<ref name="AmPsycholAssn-whatis" />

Sexual identity and [[Human sexual activity|sexual behavior]] are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reiter L. |title=Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and the question of choice |journal=Clinical Social Work Journal |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=138–50 |year=1989 |doi=10.1007/bf00756141|s2cid=144530462 }}</ref> Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.<ref name="AmPsycholAssn-whatis" /> People who have a [[non-heterosexual]] sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as '[[closeted]]'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's [[sexual attraction]]s, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms ''concordance'' or ''discordance.'' Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).<ref name="Concordance/discordance in SO" />

''Sexual identity'' may also be used to describe a person's perception of their own ''sex'', rather than sexual orientation. The term ''sexual preference'' has a similar meaning to ''sexual orientation'', and the two terms are often used interchangeably, but the American Psychological Association states ''sexual preference'' suggests a degree of voluntary choice.<ref name="Preference" /> The term has been listed by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Gay and Lesbian Concerns as a wording that advances a "heterosexual bias".<ref name="Preference" /> The term ''sexual orientation'' was introduced by [[sexologist]] [[John Money]] in place of ''sexual preference'', arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice.<ref name="John Money, Ph.D">{{cite journal|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=Anke A.|title=John Money, Ph.D.|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|date=August 2007|volume=44|issue=3|pages=223–224|jstor=20620298|doi=10.1080/00224490701580741|pmid=3050136|s2cid=147344556}}</ref>

===Androphilia, gynephilia and other terms===
{{Main|Androphilia and gynephilia}}
{{See also|Attraction to transgender people}}

''Androphilia'' and ''gynephilia'' (or ''gynecophilia'') are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a [[sex assignment]] or [[gender identity]] to the subject. Related terms such as ''[[Pansexuality|pansexual]]'' and ''[[Polysexuality|polysexual]]'' do not make any such assignations to the subject.<ref name="Firestein" /><ref name="Sex and society2">{{cite book|title=Sex and Society|volume=2|page=593|last=Rice|first=Kim|isbn=978-0-7614-7905-5|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|year=2009|editor=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|contribution=Pansexuality|access-date=October 3, 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&q=Pansexuality&pg=PA593|archive-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113100728/https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&q=Pansexuality&pg=PA593|url-status=live}}</ref> People may also use terms such as ''[[queer]]'', ''pansensual,'' ''[[polyfidelitous]],'' ''ambisexual,'' or personalized identities such as ''byke'' or ''biphilic''.<ref name="Firestein" />

Using ''androphilia'' and ''gynephilia'' can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist [[Anil Aggrawal]] explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia,<ref name="Aggrawal2008">Aggrawal, Anil (2008). ''Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices.'' CRC Press, {{ISBN|978-1-4200-4308-2}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}<blockquote>is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject.</blockquote>Sexologist [[Milton Diamond]] writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."<ref name="diamond2010">Diamond M (2010). Sexual orientation and gender identity. In Weiner IB, Craighead EW eds. ''The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology'', Volume 4.  p. 1578. John Wiley and Sons,  {{ISBN|978-0-470-17023-6}}</ref>

Some researchers advocate use of the terminology to avoid [[bias]] inherent in [[Western culture|Western]] conceptualizations of human sexuality. Writing about the [[Samoa]]n ''[[fa'afafine]]'' demographic, sociologist Johanna Schmidt writes that in cultures where a [[third gender]] is recognized, a term like "homosexual transsexual" does not align with cultural categories.<ref name="schmidt2001">Schmidt J (2001). [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue6/schmidt.html Redefining fa’afafine: Western discourses and the construction of transgenderism in Samoa.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322034626/http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue6/schmidt.html |date=2008-03-22 }} ''Intersections: Gender, history and culture in the Asian context''</ref>

''[[Same gender loving]]'', or ''SGL'', is a term adopted by some [[African-American]]s, meant as a culturally affirming homosexual identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Communities of African Descent Media Resource Kit|work=Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation|url=http://www.glaad.org/poc/coad/coad_media_kit.php|access-date=2007-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061002013523/http://www.glaad.org/poc/coad/coad_media_kit.php|archive-date=2006-10-02}}
</ref>

Some researchers, such as [[Bruce Bagemihl]], have criticized certain ways the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" have been used for transgender people, writing, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989).  These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.<ref name="bagemihl">Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In ''Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality''. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-510471-4}}</ref>

Terms have been proposed for sexual attraction to a [[Assigned male at birth|person born male]] with a feminine gender expression, including ''gynandromorphophilia'' (adjective: ''gynandromorphophilic'')<ref name="Blaney-Krueger2014" /><ref name=Patterson-2020>{{cite thesis |last=Petterson |first=Lanna J |title=Male sexual orientation: a cross-cultural perspective |website=OPUS: Open Uleth Scholarship |date=2020 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10133/5763 |type=thesis |location=Lethbridge, Alberta |page=iii, 1–276|hdl=10133/5763 }}</ref> and ''gynemimetophilia'' (adj.: ''gynemimetophilic'').<ref name=Money-Lamacz-1984>{{cite journal |first1=John |last1=Money |first2=Margaret |last2=Lamacz |title=Gynemimesis and gynemimetophilia: Individual and cross-cultural manifestations of a gender-coping strategy hitherto unnamed |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=4 |year=1984 |pages=392–403 |issn=0010-440X |publisher=Elsevier |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X%2884%2990074-9 |doi=10.1016/0010-440X(84)90074-9 |pmid=6467919 |access-date=2021-08-09 |archive-date=2022-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309213852/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0010440X84900749?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Blaney-Krueger2014">{{cite book |last1=Blaney |first1=Paul H. |last2=Krueger |first2=Robert F. |last3=Millon |first3=Theodore |title=Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoEZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 |date=19 September 2014 |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-981177-9 |pages=592– |oclc=900980099 |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080008/https://books.google.com/books?id=VoEZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Gender, transgender, cisgender, and conformance ===
{{Original research section|date=August 2021}}[[File:Kathoy1649.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Kathoey|Ladyboys]] in Thailand]]
The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Minton HL |title=Femininity in men and masculinity in women: American psychiatry and psychology portray homosexuality in the 1930s |journal=[[Journal of Homosexuality]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |year=1986 |pmid=3534080 |doi=10.1300/J082v13n01_01}}<br />Terry, J. (1999). ''An American obsession: Science, medicine, and homosexuality in modern society.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref> This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]], [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]], [[Magnus Hirschfeld]], [[Havelock Ellis]], [[Carl Jung]], and [[Sigmund Freud]], as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, [[gender identity]] came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. [[Transgender]] and [[cisgender]] people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or [[Androgyny|androgynous]], and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative [[stereotype]]s. Nevertheless, studies by [[J. Michael Bailey]] and [[Kenneth Zucker]] found a majority of the gay men and lesbians [[Sample (statistics)|sampled]] reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[J. Michael Bailey|Bailey JM]], Zucker KJ |title=Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: a conceptual analysis and quantitative review |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=43–55 |year=1995 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43 |s2cid=28174284 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/89d38f7c64c34078814cf9e742be051f14f09366 |access-date=2019-12-01 |archive-date=2021-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824071646/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Childhood-sex-typed-behavior-and-sexual-A-analysis-Bailey-Zucker/89d38f7c64c34078814cf9e742be051f14f09366 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Transgender people today identify with the sexual orientation that corresponds with their gender; meaning that a [[trans woman]] who is solely attracted to women would often identify as a lesbian, and a [[trans man]] solely attracted to women would identify as straight.

Sexual orientation sees greater intricacy when non-binary understandings of both [[sex]] and [[gender]] are considered. Sociologist [[Paula Rodriguez Rust]] (2000) argues for a more multifaceted definition of sexual orientation:

{{quotation|Most alternative models of sexuality... define sexual orientation in terms of [[dichotomy|dichotomous]] biological sex or gender... Most theorists would not eliminate the reference to sex or gender, but instead advocate incorporating more complex nonbinary concepts of sex or gender, more complex relationships between sex, gender, and sexuality, and/or additional nongendered dimensions into models of sexuality.<ref>Rodriguez Rust, Paula C. ''Bisexuality: A contemporary paradox for women'', Journal of Social Issues, vol. 56(2), Summer 2000, pp. 205–21. Special Issue: Women's sexualities: New perspectives on sexual orientation and gender. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0341/is_2_56/ai_66419862/pg_2 Article online.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220454/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0341/is_2_56/ai_66419862/pg_2 |date=2007-03-10}}<br />Also published in: Rodriguez Rust, Paula C. ''Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader''. Columbia University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-231-10227-5}}.</ref>}}

=== Relationships outside of orientation ===
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious [[ostracism]].<ref name="Brokeback">{{cite news|title=Many Couples Must Negotiate Terms of 'Brokeback' Marriages|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/health/07broke.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin|last=Butler|first=Katy|date=March 7, 2006|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=February 23, 2017|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224191941/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/health/many-couples-must-negotiate-terms-of-brokeback-marriages.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |title=How to tell if your husband is gay
 |first=Rochelle
 |last=Hentges
 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]
 |date=October 4, 2006
 |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/tribpm/s_473458.html
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022161748/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/tribpm/s_473458.html
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}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Taylor & Francis Online : Gay Men from Heterosexual Marriages |journal=Journal of Homosexuality|volume=42|issue=4|pages=15–34|date=30 June 2012|doi=10.1300/J082v42n04_02|pmid=12243483|last1 = Higgins|first1 = Daryl J.|s2cid=32047519}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url= http://www.sltrib.com/faith/ci_4138478 |title= Gay, Mormon, married |first= Peggy Fletcher |last= Stack |author-link= Peggy Fletcher Stack |date= August 5, 2006 |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130621165041/http://www.sltrib.com/faith/ci_4138478 |archive-date= June 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19990301-000030.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070501170741/http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19990301-000030.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-01|title=Gay No More|work=psychologytoday.com}}</ref> While some [[LGBT]] people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual [[marriage]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hays D |author2=Samuels A |title=Heterosexual women's perceptions of their marriages to bisexual or homosexual men |journal=J Homosex |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=81–100 |year=1989 |pmid=2794500 |doi=10.1300/J082v18n01_04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Coleman E |title=Bisexual and gay men in heterosexual marriage: conflicts and resolutions in therapy |journal=J Homosex |volume=7 |issue=2–3 |pages=93–103 |year=1981 |pmid=7346553 |doi=10.1300/J082v07n02_11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Matteson DR |title=Bisexual men in marriage: is a positive homosexual identity and stable marriage possible? |journal=J Homosex |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |pages=149–71 |year=1985 |pmid=4056386 |doi=10.1300/J082v11n01_12}}</ref> [[Coming out]] of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nascimento|first1=Geysa Cristina Marcelino|last2=Scorsolini-Comin|first2=Fabio|last3=Nascimento|first3=Geysa Cristina Marcelino|last4=Scorsolini-Comin|first4=Fabio|date=September 2018|title=Revealing one's Homosexuality to the Family: An Integrative Review of the Scientific Literature|journal=Trends in Psychology|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=1527–1541|doi=10.9788/tp2018.3-14pt|issn=2358-1883|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Fluidity ===
{{Main|Sexual fluidity}}

Often, sexual orientation and [[sexual orientation identity]] are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation.<ref name="Sinclair">Sinclair, Karen, About Whoever: The Social Imprint on Identity and Orientation, NY, 2013 {{ISBN|9780981450513}}</ref><ref name="Rosario et al.">{{cite journal | last1 = Rosario | first1 = M. | last2 = Schrimshaw | first2 = E. | last3 = Hunter | first3 = J. |last4 = Braun | first4 = L. | year = 2006 | title = Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 46–58 | doi=10.1080/00224490609552298| pmc = 3215279 | pmid=16817067}}</ref><ref name="Concordance/discordance in SO">{{cite journal|first=Michael W.|last=Ross|author2=Essien, E. James |author3=Williams, Mark L. |author4= Fernandez-Esquer, Maria Eugenia. |title=Concordance Between Sexual Behavior and Sexual Identity in Street Outreach Samples of Four Racial/Ethnic Groups|publisher=American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association|year=2003|pmid=12567166|journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases|volume=30|issue=2|pages=110–113|doi=10.1097/00007435-200302000-00003|s2cid=21881268}}</ref> Sexual orientation is stable and unchanging for the vast majority of people, but some research indicates that some people may experience change in their sexual orientation, and this is more likely for women than for men.<ref name=fluidity>*{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|author4-link=Marc Breedlove|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|quote=Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person’s sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-09-29|archive-date=2020-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611031054/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1=Dennis Coon|author2=John O. Mitterer|title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1111833633|year=2012|page=372|access-date=February 18, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYwjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA372|quote=Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. [...] The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.}}
*{{cite book|author1=Eric Anderson|author2=Mark McCormack|title=The Changing Dynamics of Bisexual Men's Lives|chapter=Measuring and Surveying Bisexuality|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-3-319-29412-4|year=2016|page=47|access-date=June 22, 2019|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|quote=[R]esearch suggests that women's sexual orientation is slightly more likely to change than men's (Baumeister 2000; Kinnish et al. 2005). The notion that sexual orientation can change over time is known as ''sexual fluidity''. Even if sexual fluidity exists for some women, it does not mean that the majority of women will change sexual orientations as they age – rather, sexuality is stable over time for the majority of people.|archive-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824071645/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_AgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> The American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).<ref name=apa2009-2>{{cite web|title=Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|pages=63, 86|date=2009|access-date=February 3, 2015|url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf|archive-date=June 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121635/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>