Editing Sexual orientation (section)

===Perceptions===
[[File:Hate Hurts Wales - Portrayal of Sexual Orientation Hate Crime.webm|thumb|A short government video on the portrayal of sexual orientation hate crime]]

One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, voice (c.f. [[Gay male speech]]), and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is sometimes colloquially known as [[gaydar]]; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=22128555 |year=2011 |last1=Rule |first1=NO |title=The influence of target and perceiver race in the categorisation of male sexual orientation |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=830–39 |journal=Perception |doi=10.1068/p7001|hdl=1807/33198 |s2cid=23790518 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21483863 |year=2011 |last1=Johnson |first1=KL |last2=Ghavami |first2=N |title=At the crossroads of conspicuous and concealable: What race categories communicate about sexual orientation |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=e18025 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018025 |pmc=3069043 |journal=PLOS ONE |editor1-last=Gilbert |editor1-first=Sam|bibcode=2011PLoSO...618025J |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21807952 |year=2011 |last1=Rule |first1=NO |last2=Ishii |first2=K |last3=Ambady |first3=N |last4=Rosen |first4=KS |last5=Hallett |first5=KC |title=Found in translation: Cross-cultural consensus in the accurate categorization of male sexual orientation |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=1499–507 |doi=10.1177/0146167211415630 |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |s2cid=3847105 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/33193/1/Rule_etal%282011-PSPB%29.pdf |access-date=2018-04-20 |archive-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228034357/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/33193/1/Rule_etal(2011-PSPB).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using [[LGBT stereotypes]] to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.<ref name="Cox et al. (2015)">{{cite journal |last1= Cox |first1= William T.L. |last2= Devine |first2= Patricia G. |last3= Bischmann |first3= Alyssa A. |last4= Hyde |first4= Janet S. |year= 2015 |title= Inferences About Sexual Orientation: The Roles of Stereotypes, Faces, and The Gaydar Myth |journal= [[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume= 52 |issue= 8 |pages= 1–15 |doi= 10.1080/00224499.2015.1015714|pmc= 4731319 |pmid=26219212}}</ref>

Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] reported that 15.6% of [[hate crime]]s reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias".<ref name="FBI crime">{{Cite news|title=Crime in the United States 2004: Hate Crime |url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/hate_crime/index.html |periodical=[[FBI]] |access-date=2007-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411090510/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/hate_crime/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=April 11, 2007 }}</ref> Under the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003]], as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service,<ref>[http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1342 ACAS (About Us)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206190343/http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1342 |date=2019-12-06 }}, as accessed April 19, 2010.</ref> "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.acas.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=105&p=0 |title = Sexual orientation and the workplace: Putting the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 into practice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219232635/http://www.acas.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=105&p=0 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Euro-American cultures, norms, values, traditions and laws facilitate heterosexuality,<ref>Rust, P.C. (2003).  Finding a Sexual Identity and Community: Therapeutic Implications and Cultural Assumptions in Scientific Models of Coming Out. In L. Garnets & D.C. Kimmel (Eds.).  Psychological perspectives on lesbian, gay and bisexual experiences (pp. 227–69). New York: Columbia University Press</ref> including constructs of marriage and family.<ref name="Garnets, L. 2003" /> Efforts are being made to change prejudiced attitudes, and legislation is being passed to promote equality.<ref name="Santaemilia, J. 2008 pp. 181–98" />
 
Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity or superiority.<ref name="Santaemilia, J. 2008 pp. 181–98" /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Carballo-Diéguez A. |author2=Dolezal C. |author3=Nieves L. |author4=Díaz F. |author5=Decena C. |author6=Balan I. | year = 2004 | title = Looking for a tall, dark, macho man… sexual-role behaviour variations in Latino gay and bisexual men | journal = Culture, Health & Sexuality | volume = 6 | issue = 2| pages = 159–71 | doi = 10.1080/13691050310001619662 |s2cid=144131628 }}</ref><ref name="Cardoso, F.L. 2005">{{cite journal | author = Cardoso F.L. | year = 2005 | title = Cultural Universals and Differences in Male Homosexuality: The Case of a Brazilian Fishing Village | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 103–09 | doi =  10.1007/s10508-005-1004-x | pmid = 15772773| s2cid = 28100810 }}</ref> For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role).  While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated.<ref name="Cardoso, F.L. 2005" /> Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.