LGBT
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Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Template:Dfn is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for sexuality and gender identity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The LGBT term is an adaptation of the initialism Template:Dfn, which began to replace the term gay in reference to the broader LGBT community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s.<ref>Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, Volume 1, Part 1. Gale Research Co., 1985, Template:ISBN. Factsheet five, Issues 32–36, Mike Gunderloy, 1989 Template:Webarchive</ref> When not inclusive of transgender people, the shorter term LGB is still used instead of LGBT.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend" /><ref name="Psychology and Sexu">Template:Cite book</ref>
It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb" /> To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, Template:Dfn, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
History of the term
The first widely used term, homosexual, now a term used primarily in scientific contexts, has at times carried negative connotations in the United States.<ref name=glaad>Media Reference Guide Template:Webarchive (citing AP, Washington Post style guides), GLAAD. Retrieved 23 December 2019.</ref> Gay became a popular term in the 1970s.<ref name="The Social Studies C">Template:Cite book</ref>
As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase "gay and lesbian" became more common.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee"/> A dispute as to whether the primary focus of their political aims should be feminism or gay rights led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including the Daughters of Bilitis, which was founded by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men, or take up their causes.<ref>Faderman, Lillian (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America, Penguin Books. Template:ISBN, p. 210–211.</ref>
Lesbians who held the essentialist view, that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor "lesbian" to define sexual attraction, often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.<ref>Faderman (1991), p. 217–218.</ref> Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee">Template:Cite news</ref>
After the elation of change following group action in the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual or transgender people.<ref name="Transgender Subjectivities">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend">Template:Cite book</ref> CriticsTemplate:Like whom said that transgender people were acting out stereotypes and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about their identity.<ref name="Transgender Subjectivities"/> Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began.<ref name="Exhibition Guide">Template:Cite web</ref>
From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States.<ref>Research, policy and practice: Annual meeting Template:Webarchive, American Educational Research Association Verlag AERA, 1988.</ref> Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> This spurred some organizations to adopt new names, as the GLBT Historical Society did in 1999.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/>
Despite the fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb" /><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend" /> Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb" /><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend" /> Transgender actress Candis Cayne in 2009 described the LGBT community as "the last great minority", noting that "We can still be harassed openly" and be "called out on television".<ref name="Advocate 2009-03">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being more inclusive of younger members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, some people consider queer to be a derogatory term originating in hate speech and reject it, especially among older members of the community.<ref name="Nadal-2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
Variants
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Many variants exist including variations that change the order of the letters, including Template:Dfn. At least some of the components of sexuality (regarding hetero, bi, straight), and also gender are stated to be on (different) spectrums of sexuality<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="udayton.edu">Template:Cite web</ref>
Other common variants also exist, such as LGBTQIA,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> with the A standing for "asexual," "aromantic," or "agender,"<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> and LGBTQIA+, where “[t]he ‘+’ represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity.”<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>
Longer acronyms have prompted criticism for their length,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> sometimes being referred to as "alphabet soup",<ref name="DeMarco2012">Template:Cite web</ref> and the implication that the acronym refers to a single community is also controversial.<ref name="Counseling Lesbian, G">Template:Cite book</ref>
Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have a more feminist connotation than Template:Dfn as it places the "L" (for "lesbian") first.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend" /> LGBT may also include additional Qs for "queer" or "questioning" (sometimes abbreviated with a question mark and sometimes used to mean anybody not literally L, G, B or T) producing the variants LGBTQ and Template:Dfn.<ref name="In-Between Bodies">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Girls' Violence">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Advocacy Research in">Template:Cite book</ref>
The order of the letters has not been standardized; in addition to the variations between the positions of the initial "L" or "G", the mentioned, less common letters, if used, may appear in almost any order.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> In Spain, LGTB is used, that is, reversing the letters "B" and "T".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Variant terms do not typically represent political differences within the community, but arise simply from the preferences of individuals and groups.<ref name="Narrative Therapy">Template:Cite book</ref>
The terms pansexual, omnisexual, fluid and queer-identified are regarded as falling under the umbrella term bisexual (and therefore are considered a part of the bisexual community).
Some use LGBT+ to mean "LGBT and related communities".<ref name="udayton.edu"/> Template:Dfn is sometimes used and adds "queer, intersex, and asexual" to the basic term.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other variants may have a "U" for "unsure"; a "C" for "curious"; another "T" for "transvestite"; a "TS", or "2" for "two-spirit" persons; or an "SA" for "straight allies".<ref name="Oberlin">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Teaching about Asian">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="After Revolution: M">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gay and Lesbian Righ">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="From Hate Crimes t">Template:Cite book</ref> The inclusion of straight allies in the LGBT acronym has proven controversial as many straight allies have been accused of using LGBT advocacy to gain popularity and status in recent years,<ref name="Becker2006">Template:Cite journal</ref> and various LGBT activists have criticised the heteronormative worldview of certain straight allies.<ref name="DeTurk2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some may also add a "P" for "polyamorous", an "H" for "HIV-affected", or an "O" for "other".<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/><ref name="Peace Kills">Template:Cite book</ref> The initialism Template:Dfn has seen use in India to encompass the hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.<ref name="Pune Mirror">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=GayLeeds>Template:Cite web</ref>
Adding the term allies to the initialism has sparked controversy,<ref name=ISD>Template:Cite web</ref> with some seeing the inclusion of "ally" in place of "asexual" as a form of asexual erasure.<ref name=Maroon1>Template:Cite web</ref> There is also the acronym Template:Dfn (queer and questioning, unsure, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and aromantic, and gay and genderqueer).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Anchor Similarly Template:Dfn stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual and many other terms (such as non-binary and pansexual)".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In Canada, the community is sometimes identified as LGBTQ2 (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Two Spirit).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Depending on the which organization is using the acronym the choice of acronym changes. Businesses and the CBC often simply employ LGBT as a proxy for any longer acronym, private activist groups often employ LGBTQ+,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> whereas public health providers favour the more inclusive LGBT2Q+ to accommodate twin spirited indigenous peoples.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For a time the Pride Toronto organization used the much lengthier acronym Template:Dfn, but appears to have dropped this in favour of simpler wording.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was also criticized for using 2SLGBTQQIA+ acronym<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Transgender inclusion
The term trans* has been adopted by some groups as a more inclusive alternative to "transgender", where trans (without the asterisk) has been used to describe trans men and trans women, while trans* covers all non-cisgender (genderqueer) identities, including transgender, transsexual, transvestite, genderqueer, genderfluid, non-binary, genderfuck, genderless, agender, non-gendered, third gender, two-spirit, bigender, and trans man and trans woman.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Likewise, the term transsexual commonly falls under the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend" />
Intersex inclusion
Template:Main Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizations may use the extended initialism Template:Dfn <ref>William L. Maurice, Marjorie A. Bowman, Sexual medicine in primary care Template:Webarchive, Mosby Year Book, 1999, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="Challenging Lesbian Nor"/> or Template:Dfn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but intersex people are often added to the LGBT category to create an LGBTI community. Some intersex people prefer the initialism LGBTI, while others would rather that they not be included as part of the term.<ref name="Challenging Lesbian Nor">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fenway Guide">Template:Cite book</ref> Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same-sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>OII releases new resource on intersex issues Template:Webarchive, Intersex for allies and Making services intersex inclusive by Organisation Intersex International Australia, via Gay News Network, 2 June 2014.</ref> Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs".<ref name="Kaggwa2016">Template:Cite news</ref>
Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same-sex attraction in intersex people,<ref name="mb1991" /><ref name="hast2010">Template:Citation</ref> with a recent Australian study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual,<ref name="oiijones">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="jones2016">Template:Cite book</ref> thus research on intersex subjects has been used to explore means of preventing homosexuality.<ref name="mb1991">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="hast2010" /> As an experience of being born with sex characteristics that do not fit social norms,<ref name="unfe-fact">Template:Cite web</ref> intersex can be distinguished from transgender,<ref name="coeres1952">Children's right to physical integrity Template:Webarchive, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Report Doc. 13297, 6 September 2013.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while some intersex people are both intersex and transgender.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Criticism of the term
The initialisms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed to by everyone that they encompass.<ref name="Counseling Lesbian, G" /> For example, some argue that transgender and transsexual causes are not the same as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people.<ref name="Coming Out in Christi">Template:Cite book</ref> This argument centers on the idea that being transgender or transsexual have to do more with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman irrespective of their sexual orientation.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> LGB issues can be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> These distinctions have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals, such as same-sex marriage legislation and human rights work (which may not include transgender and intersex people), may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/>
A belief in "lesbian & gay separatism" (not to be confused with the related "lesbian separatism"), holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere.<ref name="Gays/Justice">Template:Cite book</ref> While not always appearing of sufficient number or organization to be called a movement, separatists are a significant, vocal, and active element within many parts of the LGBT community.<ref name="Sexual Identities, Queer Politi"/><ref name="Gays/Justice"/><ref name="Gay and Lesbian Polit">Template:Cite book</ref> In some cases separatists will deny the existence or right to equality of bisexual orientations and of transsexuality,<ref name="Sexual Identities, Queer Politi" /> sometimes leading public biphobia and transphobia.<ref name="Sexual Identities, Queer Politi" /><ref name="Gays/Justice"/> In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB would be "political madness", stating that:<ref name="LGB but Why T?">Template:Cite web</ref>
Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don't conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male and female behaviour, in that we have sexual and emotional relationships with the same sex. We should celebrate our discordance with mainstream straight norms.[...]
The portrayal of an all-encompassing "LGBT community" or "LGB community" is also disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.<ref name="That's Revolting">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="The Political Edge">Template:Cite book</ref> Some do not subscribe to or approve of the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that normally goes with it including gay pride marches and events.<ref name="That's Revolting"/><ref name="The Political Edge"/> Some of them believe that grouping together people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc. makes a person deficiently different from other people.<ref name="That's Revolting"/> These people are often less visible compared to more mainstream gay or LGBT activists.<ref name="That's Revolting"/><ref name="The Political Edge"/> Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life in a different way from the majority.<ref name="That's Revolting"/><ref name="The Political Edge"/><ref name="Class Matters: Cr">Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1996 book Anti-Gay, a collection of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of a 'one-size-fits-all' identity based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:AnchorWriting in the BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the various gender groupings now, "bracketed together" ... "share the same issues, values and goals?" Bindel refers to a number of possible new initialisms for differing combinations and concludes that it may be time for the alliances to be reformed or finally go "our separate ways".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2015, the slogan "Drop the T" was coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop support of transgender people; the campaign has been widely condemned by many LGBT groups as transphobic.<ref name=adv>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Alternative terms
Queer
Template:Main Many people have looked for a generic term to replace the numerous existing initialisms.<ref name="Sexual Identities, Queer Politi">Template:Cite book</ref> Words such as queer (an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities that are not heterosexual, or cisgender) and rainbow have been tried, but most have not been widely adopted.<ref name="Sexual Identities, Queer Politi" /><ref name="Forging Gay Identities">Template:Cite book</ref> Queer has many negative connotations to older people who remember the word as a taunt and insult and such (negative) usage of the term continues.<ref name="Sexual Identities, Queer Politi" /><ref name="Forging Gay Identities" /> Many younger people also understand queer to be more politically charged than LGBT.<ref name="Forging Gay Identities" /><ref name="It's Your World">Template:Cite book</ref>
SGM/GSM
Template:Main SGM, or GSM,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> an abbreviation for sexual and gender minorities, has gained particular currency in government, academia, and medicine. It has been adopted by the National Institutes of Health;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the UCLA Williams Institute, which studies SGM law and policy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Duke University and the University of California San Francisco both have prominent Sexual and Gender Minority health programs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An NIH paper recommends the term SGM because it is inclusive of "those who may not self-identify as LGBT … or those who have a specific medical condition affecting reproductive development,"<ref>Template:Citation</ref> a publication from the White House Office of Management and Budget explains that "We believe that SGM is more inclusive, because it includes persons not specifically referenced by the identities listed in LGBT,"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a UK government paper favors SGM because initials like LGBTIQ+ stand for terms that, especially outside the Global North, are "not necessarily inclusive of local understandings and terms used to describe sexual and gender minorities."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> An example of usage outside the Global North is the Constitution of Nepal, which identifies "gender and sexual minorities" as a protected class.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> GSRM is also used to include romantic minorities.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Rainbow
"Rainbow" has connotations that recall hippies, New Age movements, and groups such as the Rainbow Family or Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition. SGL ("same gender loving") is sometimes favored among gay male African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities.<ref name="The Politics of Gay Rights">Template:Cite book</ref>
Further umbrella terms
Some people advocate the term "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI, coined in 2000), so as to explicitly include all people who are not cisgender and heterosexual; or gender, sexual, and romantic minorities (GSRM), which is more explicitly inclusive of minority romantic orientations and polyamory; but those have not been widely adopted either.<ref name="Bradford Uni">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other rare umbrella terms are Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD),<ref>Organisation proposes replacing the 'limiting' term LGBT with 'more inclusive' GSD Template:Webarchive, 25 February 2013</ref> MOGII (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Clinical
In public health settings, MSM ("men who have sex with men") is clinically used to describe men who have sex with other men without referring to their sexual orientation, with WSW ("women who have sex with women") also used as an analogous term.<ref>Young, R M & Meyer, I H (2005) The Trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": Erasure of the Sexual-Minority Person in Public Health Discourse American Journal of Public Health July 2005 Vol. 95 No. 7.</ref><ref>Glick, M Muzyka, B C Salkin, L M Lurie, D (1994) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis: a marker for immune deterioration and a predictor for the diagnosis of AIDS Journal of Periodontology 1994 65 p. 393–397.</ref>
MVPFAFF
MVPFAFF is an abbreviation for Māhū, Vakasalewa, Template:Lang, Fa’afafine, Akava’ine, Fakaleitī (Leiti), and Fakafifine. This term was developed by Phylesha Brown-Acton in 2010 at the Asia Pacific Games Human Rights Conference.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This refers to those in the rainbow Pasifika community that may or may not identify with the LGBT acronym.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
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Notes
External links
{{#invoke:Side box|main}} Template:Wiktionary Template:Wikiquote
- Archives of glbtq.com, the GLBTQ encyclopedia
- Directory of U.S. and international LGBT Community Centers
- American Psychological Association's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns Office
Template:LGBT Template:Intersex Template:Sexual revolution Template:Authority control
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- 1990s neologisms
- LGBT
- LGBT terminology
- Bisexuality
- Initialisms
- Intersex
- Lesbianism
- Male homosexuality
- Same-sex sexuality
- Transgender
- Queer
- Pansexuality
- Asexuality
- Non-binary gender